A good two-state toggle can actually express all three data model states. Until recently, if you looked at most websites with a theme toggle[1], you’d find three options: Light, Dark, and System. figure { --media-min-width: 5em; hr { width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border: 0px solid transparent; } } E...

If you’re a web developer, you may find the title baffling. “Polyfills need defending? Who’s against them?!” you might ask. Two weeks ago, I’d be in the same boat. Polyfills and I go way back. I dug up a JSConf EU talk of mine from 2011 on exactly this topic. Trying not to think about how young I lo...

A few weeks ago, I posted Web dependencies are broken. Can we fix them?. Today’s post is a little less gloomy: Turns out that the major limitation that would allow centralized set-it-and-forget-it import map management can be lifted today, with excellent browser support! The core idea is that you ca...

No, this is not another rant about npm’s security issues. Abstraction is the cornerstone of modern software engineering. Reusing logic and building higher-level solutions from lower-level building blocks is what makes all the technological wonders around us possible. Imagine if every time anyone wro...

Alan Kay [source] One of my favorite product design principles is Alan Kay’s “Simple things should be simple, complex things should be possible”. [1] I had been saying it almost verbatim long before I encountered Kay’s quote. Kay’s maxim is deceptively simple, but its implications run deep. It isn’t...

tl;dr: State of HTML 2025 survey is now open! Take it now Mamma mia, here we go again! About two weeks ago, I announced that I was back leading this year’s State of HTML 2025 survey, after a one year hiatus. We are grateful for all the suggestions that poured in, they were immensely helpful in shapi...

Mamma mia, here we go again! Two years ago, I was funded by Google to design the inaugural State of HTML survey. While I had led State of … surveys before (also graciously sponsored by Google), that was by far the most intense, as 0→1 projects often are. In addition to the research, content, and ana...

You may be familiar with this wonderful illustration and accompanying blog post by Henrik Kniberg about good MVPs: It’s a very visual way to illustrate the age-old concept that that a good MVP is not the one developed in isolation over months or years, grounded on assumptions about user needs and go...

Just want the components? Here you go: Demo Repo NPM A love letter to the Bluesky API I’m old enough to remember the golden Web 2.0 era, when many of today’s big social media platforms grew up. A simpler time, when the Web was much more extroverted. It was common for websites to embed data from othe...

I recently stumbled across The Oatmeal’s series on Creativity. While all of it is spot on, the part on erasers hit especially hard. “There is a lot of shame associated with backpedaling; things like quitting your job, getting a divorce, or simply starting over are considered shameful. But forward is...

I cannot count the number of times in my career I wished I could run JS in response to CSS property changes, regardless of what triggered them: media queries, user actions, or even other JS. Use cases abound. Here are some of mine: Implement higher level custom properties in components, where one cu...

One would think that we’ve more or less figured survey UI out by now. Multiple choice questions, checkbox questions, matrix questions, dropdown questions, freeform textfields, numerical scales, what more could one possibly need?! And yet, every time Google sponsored me to lead one of the State Of … ...

Disclaimer: This post expresses my opinions, which do not necessarily reflect consensus by the whole Web Components community. A blog post by Ryan Carniato titled “Web Components Are Not the Future” has recently stirred a lot of controversy. A few other JS framework authors pitched in, expressing fr...

Folks, I have some exciting news to share. 🤩 Today I start a new chapter in my career. After a decade at MIT, teaching and doing research at the intersection of usability and programming language design, I wrapped up my PhD two weeks ago (yes, I’m a Dr now! And damn right I will — once it actually s...

A few days ago, I gave a very well received talk about API design at dotJS titled “API Design is UI Design” [1]. One of the points I made was that good UIs (and thus, good APIs) have a smooth UI complexity to Use case complexity curve. This means that incremental user effort results in incremental v...

The CSS WG resolved to add if() to CSS, but that won’t be in browsers for a while. What are our options in the meantime? A couple days ago, I posted about the recent CSS WG resolution to add an if() function to CSS. Great as it may be, this is still a long way off, two years if everything goes super...

Last week, the CSS WG resolved to add an inline if() to CSS. But what does that mean, and why is it exciting? Last week, we had a CSS WG face-to-face meeting in A Coruña, Spain. There is one resolution from that meeting that I’m particularly excited about: the consensus to add an inline if() to CSS....

Can we emulate the upcoming CSS contrast-color() function via CSS features that have already widely shipped? And if so, what are the tradeoffs involved and how to best balance them? Relative Colors Out of all the CSS features I have designed, Relative Colors aka Relative Color Syntax (RCS) is defini...

tl;dr: Overfitting happens when solutions don’t generalize sufficiently and is a hallmark of poor design. Eigensolutions are the opposite: solutions that generalize so much they expose links between seemingly unrelated use cases. Designing eigensolutions takes a mindset shift from linear design to c...

Usability and aesthetics usually go hand in hand. In fact, there is even what we call the “Aesthetic Usability Effect”: users perceive beautiful interfaces as easier to use and cut them more slack when it comes to minor usability issues. Unfortunately, sometimes usability and aesthetics can be at od...

tl;dr the brand new State of HTML survey is finally open! Take State of HTML 2023 Survey Benefits to you: Survey results are used by browsers to prioritize roadmaps — the reason Google is funding this. Time spent thoughtfully filling them out is an investment that can come back to you tenfold in the...

As you may know, this summer I am leading the design of the inaugural State of HTML survey. Naturally, I am also exploring ways to improve both survey UX, as well as all questions. Shaine Madala, a data scientist working on the survey design team proposed using numerical inputs instead of brackets f...

You have likely participated in several Devographics surveys before, such as State of CSS, or State of JS. These surveys have become the primary source of unbiased data for the practices of front-end developers today (there is also the Web Almanac research, but because this studies what is actually ...

WordPress has been with me since my very first post in 2009. There is a lot to love about it: It’s open source, it has a thriving ecosystem, a beautiful default theme, and a revolutionary block editor that makes my inner UX geek giddy. Plus, WP made building a website and publishing content accessib...

This is the third spinoff post in the migration saga of this blog from WordPress to 11ty. Migrating was a good opportunity to rethink the information architecture of my site, especially around categorization. Categories vs Tags Just like most WP users, I was using both categories and tags, simply be...

This is a second spinoff post in the migration saga of this blog from WordPress to 11ty. On good URLs It was important to me to have good, RESTful, usable, hackable URLs. While a lot of that is easy and comes for free, following this principle with Eleventy proved quite hard: URLs that are “hackable...

So I recently ported my 14 year old blog from WordPress to Eleventy. I had been using Disqus for comments for years, so I didn’t want to lose them, even if I ended up using a different solution for the future (or no comments at all). Looking around for an existing solution did not yield many results...

Today I mourn. What am I mourning? Encapsulation. At least in my projects. As a library author, I’ve decided to avoid private class fields from now on and gradually refactor them out of my existing libraries. Why did I make such a drastic decision? It all started a few days ago, when I was building ...

It has been over a decade when I launched contrast-ratio.com, an app to calculate the WCAG 2.1 contrast ratio between any two CSS colors. At the time, all similar tools suffered from several flaws when being used for CSS editing: No support for semi-transparent colors (Since WCAG included no guidanc...

Update: I got re-elected!! Thank you for trusting me once more with this huge responsibility towards the Open Web. I will continue to do my best to justify the confidence the W3C membership has placed in me. 🥹 Context: In 2020, I ran for the TAG election for the first time and had the great honor of...